Briefly, the history of the UN begins in London on June 12, 1941 when the representatives of Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa and the then exiled governments of Belgium, Yugoslavia, Greece, Luxembourg, Norway, Holland, Poland, Czechoslovakia and General de Gaulle signed the Inter-Allied Declaration Emphasizing that "the real basis for peace is the willing cooperation of free peoples in a world in which everyone, free from the threat of unprovoked aggression, can enjoy economic and social security."
At the same time, on August 14, Roosevelt (who is also the UN godfather with the famous 4 Freedoms: 1) Freedom of speech and expression, 2) Freedom of worship, 3) Freedom out of necessity and 4) Freedom out of fear) and Churchill sign the Map of the Atlantic (under secret code "ARCADIA") where they emphasize that "after the final collapse of Nazi tyranny they hope to see the creation of a peace that will offer all nations the conditions to live in security within their borders, in freedom from fear and want ».
the 1η In January 1942 the representatives of 26 states that fought against Nazism, signed the Declaration of the United Nations where they proclaim their decision "to fight with all their might against the barbaric and bestial forces that seek to enslave the world."
Followed by Moscow Conference on October 30, 1943 recognizing the need to establish an international organization, and Tehran Conference 1η December of the same year emphasizing "the responsibility of the United Nations for the consolidation of world peace." The first copy of the United Nations was made in Dumbarton Oaks, Washington in 1944.
At Yalta Conference On February 4-11, 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin announced their decision to establish an international organization for the maintenance of peace and security.
Finally, followed by Conference of St. Francis in 1945 (April 25-June 26) where representatives of 50 states agreed on the UN Charter which was approved and signed by all and entered into force on October 24, 1945 when the five Great Powers and the majority of the above states ratified it. The Charter begins with the phrase "We the peoples of the United Nations", and ends with the phrase "We are the governments". Do all governments respect the UN Charter? Also, it is worth mentioning that 78 tons of paper were needed for the drafting and completion of the Charter!
For those who may not have read the UN Charter, the cornerstone of the Organization is the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. Also, the principle of Collective Security. Notably, until the Cold War, in order for a country to become a member of the UN, it had to be peaceful! Later, political expediencies prevailed and the relevant article was actually abolished! Another point that needs to be clarified is that the Charter refers to a threat against her international peace, that is, when the threat crosses the borders of a country, and not against it world peace. Unfortunately, this perspective often causes us to become overwhelmed when it's time to start a project. And peace does not simply mean the absence of wars, but the absence of the causes of wars.
The main UN bodies are 6: (6 has a special place)
1) General Assembly. It currently has 193 Member States, which can have up to 5 Representatives. Its main concern is the maintenance and consolidation of international peace and security, the promotion of respect for human rights, and the principles governing disarmament and arms control. For this purpose it cooperates with the Security Council. The General Assembly elects the 10 Non-Permanent members of the SA. Extraordinary meetings may be convened by the General Assembly at the request of the SA or the majority of the Member States of the Organization. The most important radically "democratic" element is that all GC Member States, regardless of population, etc., have the same voting power! And one, perhaps, unknown detail: There is a difference between the terms Resolution and Decision (decision (or resolution) mean both). The first means decisions about serious politics, etc. problems, and the other for procedural issues.
2) security Council. It consists of 15 Members, 5 permanent, France, UK, USA, China, Russia, which have the infamous Right of Veto - the well-known VETO - and 10 extraordinary members who are elected by the General Assembly for two years based on their contribution in the maintenance of international peace and security and the other objectives of the Organization, as well as the "fair" (equitable) distribution from a geographical point of view. It is the pre-eminent body responsible for international security issues. There was an exception in its history, the Korean problem, where after the impasse in the SA, the USA referred the issue to the General Assembly and the well-known decision was made: the Uniting for Peace Resolution.
3) The Economic and Social Council. It consists of 54 Members elected by the General Assembly and deals with what its title expresses.
4) The Guardianship Council. After the end of colonialism it has essentially been abolished and we do not need to deal with this debate.
5)The International Court of Justice (The Hague Court). It consists of 15 Judges of various nationalities, who are elected by the General Assembly and the General Assembly for a 9-year term based on their legal authority from a list provided by the intergovernmental Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Hague - has an observer position at the UN General Assembly). 6) The General Secretariat. It is composed of the General Secretary who is appointed by the General Assembly following a proposal by the General Assembly for five years, and is supported by various Executives according to the rules of the General Assembly. He neither seeks nor accepts instructions from any government or other authority in the performance of his duties. But, in fact, it has proven to be the opposite for some cc. The tragic story of the late Dag Hammarskjold, who was a faithful guardian of the Charter, is well-known and educational! And an important fact that, unfortunately, governments, perhaps even UN Generals and Executives, ignore, is the General Assembly Declaration in 1988 on the Prevention and Removal of Conflicts and Situations That May Threaten International Peace and Security, and on the Role of the General Assembly UN in this field, which, among other things, strengthens the role of the Secretary General, changing "may" to "should"! Have all governments taken advantage of this new defense "weapon"?
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
The International Criminal Court (ICC, English: International Criminal Court, French: Penal Court international, acronym: ICC ή ICCt) is a permanent judicial body responsible for the criminal prosecution of persons who have committed crimes genocide and against humanity and ensures crime of assault, although it cannot yet extend its jurisdiction to this crime, although its establishment was first voted at the Conference of Member States in Kampala in 2010 after an episodic meeting (UN SC Resolution 827- ICC was established for former Yugoslavia May 1993).
The Δcourt was established in 1998 by the Rome Decree and operated the July 1 2002 date on which its founding treaty, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, entered into force[4] – and can prosecute criminal offenses committed from that date onwards[5]. The seat of the court is at Hague Netherlands, but its meetings can take place anywhere[6]. It has 18 members who are elected by the General Assembly of the member states for 9 years.
To date, 124 states - including Greece - are members of the Court[7][8][9] and another 38 have signed and ratified the Rome Statute[7]combining luxury accommodations with the potential for significant expansion. China and India have not signed the Statute while the Russia although she signed it she has not ratified it and recently announced that she is even withdrawing her signature.[7] [10] Among the 35 states that have signed the Rome Statute but not fully ratified it are Israel, the Sudan and United States, who withdrew their signature and are not participating. As for the United States, the Clinton administration signed the Rome Statute in 2000 but the Bush administration withdrew its signature[11] so that their troops cannot be prosecuted. Ukraine has not ratified it.
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