Third part of the article of Pan. Carnation
In 1979 the General Secretariat of the UN carried out a special investigation on the subject of international terrorism which it submitted to the Ad hoc Committee. The positions of some member states of the Commission are typical: The Greek representative argued that the only way to eliminate terrorism is the proper implementation of international treaties through international cooperation and pointed out that Greece has already enacted special laws to combat terrorist acts and joined various international instruments aimed at combating terrorism. The American representative highlighted the existing erosion of fundamental human rights and said that terrorism must be condemned regardless of purpose and cause. The Soviet Representative said that the main cause of international terrorism is the consequences of capitalism, neo-colonialism, racism, the policy of unprovoked aggression and foreign occupation.
On April 6, 1979, the Ad hoc Committee of the General Assembly adopted its report which contained certain recommendations to the General Assembly to deal with the problem such as: - To condemn without reservation any act of international terrorism that endangers or takes away human lives or compromises fundamental freedoms, - To take into account the Commission's study on the generative causes of terrorism, - To urge all states to contribute, unilaterally or in cooperation with each other as well as with relevant UN bodies, to the progressive elimination of the generative causes of international terrorism of terrorism, -To call on all States to fulfill their obligations under International Law, to refrain from organizing, assisting or participating in acts of civil unrest or acts of terrorism in another country or by giving consent to the organization within its territory of such acts directed against other States, -To appeal to States, which have not acceded to the existing international conventions relating to various aspects of the problem of international terrorism, to do so, -To call on all States to take all appropriate measures at the national level with the aim of the short and total elimination of the problem of international terrorism (harmonization of legislation, prevention of preparation of terrorist acts, etc.), - To recommend to appropriate specialized organizations the study of preventive measures, etc. measures, -To urge all states to cooperate with each other, particularly through the exchange of information to prevent and combat international terrorism and to conclude special conventions especially regarding the extradition or prosecution of international terrorists.
The Commission also recommended that the General Assembly and the SA pay special attention to all situations that may cause terrorism (colonialism, racism, foreign occupation, etc.). In 1991, the General Assembly in its decision calls on all states to cooperate in eliminating the generative causes of terrorism with an emphasis on colonialism, racism, foreign occupation, the violation of basic human rights and freedoms and expresses its concern about "the dangerous links between terrorist groups, drug smugglers and their gangster armed groups, who commit all kinds of crimes, thus undermining the constitutional order of states and violating human rights."
In 1994 the General Assembly adopted the Declaration on Measures for the Elimination of International Terrorism and reaffirmed it by resolution 50/53 of 9 December 1995. This resolution emphasizes the central role played by the United Nations in promoting international cooperation and mobilization for dealing with terrorism. In March 1996, the Summit of Peacemakers was held in Egypt with the aim of studying measures to deal with terrorism in the Middle East. The Meeting underlined the need to promote the coordination of efforts to end terrorist acts and cut off the financial resources of terrorist groups. The reasons why this Meeting was organized in the Middle East are certainly reasonable. In resolution 1267 of 15 October 1999, the SA strongly condemns the continued use of Afghan territory, particularly areas controlled by the Taliban, for the protection and training of terrorists and the planning of terrorist acts, and reaffirms its belief that the suppression of international terrorism is essential to the maintenance of international peace and security.
It is worth noting that the decision refers specifically to Osama bin Laden and his terrorist activities, insists that the Taliban promptly comply with his previous decisions, demands that they hand over bin Laden without further delay to the competent authorities in a country where he has been indicted and calls all states to cooperate in dealing with the problem of international terrorism. In resolution 1269 of 19 October 1999, the SA after underlining the need to intensify the fight against terrorism at the national level and to strengthen under the auspices of the UN effective international cooperation based on the UN Charter and the principles of International Law, including respect in International Humanitarian Law and human rights, unreservedly condemns all acts, methods and practices of terrorism as criminal and unjustified regardless of motivation, in all manifestations wherever and by whomever they are committed, especially those that may threaten international peace and security. This decision also underlines the vital role of the United Nations.
The General Assembly at its meeting on 17 December 1999 recalls the provisions of the Vienna Declaration on Human Rights, expresses its horror at the continuing acts of terrorism aimed at violating human rights despite national and international efforts, reiterates the obligation of states to promote and respect human rights, reaffirms that all measures to combat terrorism must be strictly consistent with the relevant provisions of International Law including international human rights standards, and calls on all States to take all necessary and effective measures in accordance with the relevant provisions of International Law to combat and eliminate terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, wherever and by whomever they are committed. At the plenary session on 12 December 2000, the General Assembly adopted the continuation of negotiations on a comprehensive convention on international terrorism and also adopted 16 decisions of the Legal Committee on various terrorism issues such as amendments to the Charter of the UN Administrative Court, nationality issues, aid to third countries affected by UN sanctions, protection of diplomats, preparation for the establishment of an International Criminal Court.
On February 12, 2001, a meeting of the General Assembly's Committee on Terrorism was held. The attitude of some states is typical: The group of states of the Islamic Conference asked for a clear definition of terrorism so that it is differentiated from the legitimate struggles of peoples under foreign occupation and national liberation as these struggles are recognized by the relevant provisions of the UN. Iraq condemned all forms of terrorism, especially state terrorism, which it considers worst. The Group of States of Rio and Lima unreservedly condemned all forms of terrorism and called for the strengthening of measures against it, especially within the framework of international legitimacy. Russia also strongly condemned terrorism, which it stressed was a dangerous challenge to international peace and security and strategic stability, and said a broad legal framework was needed for cooperation between states. The EU strongly condemned terrorism, which it said was a serious threat to democracy and the rule of law, in all its forms, regardless of motivation or origin. However, he pointed out the need to respect human rights and freedoms.
Also, at the Commission meeting of 23 February 2001, on the draft convention on international terrorism, some delegations stressed that the definition of terrorism in the convention should clearly differentiate terrorism from the legitimate struggle for self-determination and independence of all peoples under foreign occupation.
In the legal field the UN and its Special Organizations such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), have developed a network of international agreements against terrorism such as: – the Convention on Insults and Certain Other Acts on Aircraft (Tokyo, 1963), - the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (The Hague, 1970), the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 1971), - the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Officers (New York, 1973), the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (Vienna, 1980), the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation (Montreal, 1988), the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Navigation (Rome, 1988), the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Fixed Bases on the Continental Shelf (Rome, 1988), the Plastics Marking Convention of Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (Montreal, 1991).
The General Assembly has concluded 4 Conventions: the Convention against the Taking of Hostages (until 2000, 94 States ratified it), the Convention for the Safety of United Nations Personnel (the same), the Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombing Activities ( until in December 2000,17, XNUMX states ratified it), the Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. Among other things, it obliges banks to establish measures to identify suspicious persons.
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